What on Earth is Obsidian?

Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass formed when lava cools quickly. It is usually black but can be brown, green or grey, and it rates 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. People have used it since the Stone Age for blades and mirrors, and in crystal lore it is a protection stone. See also raw obsidian and polished obsidian.

The Physical Properties of Obsidian

Obsidian is a mineral-like rock formed as a result of rapidly cooled lava. However, it is not considered a mineral because of its glassy appearance and its composition. Its composition is similar to rhyolite or granite. Rhyolites and granites can form from the same magma as obsidian and are often geographically associated with obsidian. On the Mohs' scale of hardness, it ranges from 5-6.

Pure obsidian is dark in appearance, though the color varies depending on the presence of impurities. Iron and other transition elements may give the obsidian a dark brown to black color. Depending on how its cut, it can also give off a glistening grey appearance. However, it can also be tan or green. Rarely, obsidian can be blue, red, orange, or yellow.

The History of Obsidian

Obsidian was valued in the Stone Age by cultures because, like flint, it could be broken down to produce arrowheads or sharp blades. Like all glass, obsidian breaks with conchoidal fracture as compared to other types of naturally occurring rocks. It was also refined to create mirrors. Obsidian is also used for decorative purposes and as a gemstone.

Obsidian can be obtained in locations which have experienced volcanic eruptions which include locations in several areas in the North, Central and South Americas, Scotland, Europe, Africa, Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, and Papua New Guinea.

The Lore of Obsidian

The Native Americans used obsidian for ceremonies to enhance their inner sight. The Apache Tear comes from a legend of the Apache people. After a defeat in a great battle and the death of countless brave Apache warriors, their women mourned over the bodies. Their tears solidified and turned into this stone. It was believed that anyone who has an Apache Tear will never cry again.

The Polynesian referred to Obsidian as Pele's Hair which was named after Pele, the volcanic goddess. It was believed that Pele, who was the keeper of the souls of the dead in the Underworld realm, sent the souls back to the earth along with her lava to be reincarnated.

The Metaphysical Properties of Obsidian

Black obsidian is linked in lore with the elements of fire, water and earth. Spiritualists, shamans and alchemists have used it as a stone of insight, and people use it as a focus for seeing through illusions.

Obsidian is also a protection stone in lore. It works like a mirror in meditation: people use it to reflect on their own faults, weaknesses and mistakes.